https://wiki.chemika.be/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=IlahChemika Examenwiki - Gebruikersbijdragen [nl]2026-07-28T11:54:52ZGebruikersbijdragenMediaWiki 1.43.0https://wiki.chemika.be/index.php?title=Sustainable_chemistry_II&diff=2148Sustainable chemistry II2020-06-12T15:12:15Z<p>Ilah: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[Categorie:Machemie]]<br />
==Vakinformatie==<br />
Sustainable chemistry II is een 3 studiepuntenvak dat gedoceerd wordt door Koen Binnemans. Het vak is relatief nieuw, dus geeft Binnemans elk jaar een lijst met examen vragen. Het examen bestaat uit 4 vragen van die lijst. Om te slagen is het voldoende om te antwoorden op basis van de slides (en de dingen die in de les vermeld worden), om hogere punten te halen is het echter aangeraden om extra informatie op te zoeken.<br />
<br />
==Examenvragen==<br />
'''Exam questions Sustainable Chemistry II (2019-2020)'''<br />
<br />
(1) What is the definition of “sustainable development”? Why is the term “sustainability” often<br />
preferred over the term “sustainable development”?<br />
<br />
(2) What is biomimicry? What are the main principles on which biomimicry is based? Give three<br />
examples of how biomimicry can help to decrease the carbon footprint of our society.<br />
<br />
(3) What are, according to the principles of green chemistry, the characteristics of an ideal organic<br />
synthesis procedure?<br />
<br />
(4) How can green engineering help to enable a circular economy in the electronics industry?<br />
<br />
(5) It is a paradox that precisely those persons who are very environmentally conscious and strive for a<br />
rapid transition to a low-carbon economy may endanger the supply of the raw materials needed for this<br />
transition because of their protests against the opening of new mines. Discuss this paradox and provide<br />
a possible solution for this problem.<br />
<br />
(6) One often reads in the popular press that metal recycling via urban mining can replace the primary<br />
mining of metal ores. Is this a realistic approach and why (not)?<br />
<br />
(7) The 1972 report of the Club of Rome (published in the book " The Limits to growth: a global<br />
challenge ") was very negative about the future availability of raw materials. For example, it was<br />
predicted that by the year 2000 the copper resources would be largely depleted. However, the<br />
predictions about resource scarcity all proved to be wrong. Why were the authors of this report<br />
completely wrong with their predictions?<br />
<br />
(8) Show that the criticality of raw materials has little to do with the availability of these raw materials in<br />
the earth's crust. What are the disadvantages of using a list of critical raw materials as a policy<br />
instrument?<br />
<br />
(9) Why does is make sense, from the point of view of sustainability, to convince materials engineers to<br />
develop new materials with an as low as possible content of by-product metals?<br />
<br />
(10) Platinum-group metals (PGMs) and rare-earth elements (REEs) may be considered as “coupled<br />
elements”. (a) What does the term “coupled elements” mean? (b) What is the difference between<br />
coupled elements and by-product elements?<br />
<br />
(11) How can rare-earth elements help to reduce the reduction CO2 emission from burning of fossil<br />
fuels?<br />
<br />
(12) What are the options for end-of-life product in (a) a linear economy and (b) a circular economy?<br />
<br />
(13) What are the benefits and limitations of recycling?<br />
<br />
(14) What are the different steps in a generic flow sheet for recycling of materials? What are the least<br />
and most efficient steps in this flow sheet? Why?<br />
<br />
(15) (a) Why does it not make sense, from the point of view of energy consumption, to try get a<br />
recycling rate of 100% for metals from end-of-life products? (b) Why have iron, copper, aluminium,<br />
lead, platinum-group metals, gold and silver high recycling rates (>50%), whereas the recycling rates for<br />
the rare-earth elements are very low (<5%)?<br />
<br />
(16) Why do have many metals very low recycling rates, although recycling is technologically feasible?<br />
How can legislative initiatives help to increase recycling rates?<br />
<br />
(17) What are the differences between metal-centric recycling and product-centric recycling? Which of<br />
the two approaches is the preferred one and why?<br />
<br />
(18) It is a general trend in the history of technology that materials are becoming more and more<br />
complex in terms of the total number of chemical elements used in materials. Is this a positive trend in<br />
terms of sustainability? Why (not)? Discuss this statement.<br />
<br />
(19) The process flowsheet of steel-making from iron ores is quite different from that for recycling of<br />
steel scrap. Discuss the main differences. Why are different processes used for steel-making from iron<br />
ores and from steel scrap?<br />
<br />
(20) How can platinum-group metals (PGMs) be recycled from automobile catalysts?<br />
<br />
(21) What rare-earth elements are present in fluorescent lamp phosphor waste and how can these be<br />
recycled?<br />
<br />
(22) What is enhanced landfill mining (ELFM)? What are the differences between urban solid waste<br />
landfills and industrial residue monolandfills? Why is it so difficult to make an economic success story of<br />
ELFM?<br />
<br />
(23) What different waste-to-energy technologies can be used in enhanced landfill mining (ELFM)?<br />
<br />
(24) The process residues of the metallurgical industry could be a valuable source of critical metals and<br />
base metals. However, it is recommended to use a product-centric approach rather than a metal-centric<br />
approach for valorization of these residues. Why? What are the most interesting industrial residues for<br />
metal recovery? How are they formed and what metals are present at high concentrations in these<br />
residues?<br />
<br />
(25) Compare the advantages and disadvantages of homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts.<br />
<br />
(26) What is fluid cracking catalysis (FCC) and what types of catalyst is used for this process?<br />
<br />
(27) Which pollutants are emitted by incomplete combustion of hydrocarbon fuel? What are the health<br />
and environmental issues related to these pollutants?<br />
<br />
(28) What is the function of a catalytic converter in cars? Describe a catalytic converter from a materials<br />
point of view (geometry, structure, chemical composition, function of materials).<br />
<br />
(29) Describe the working principle of a three-way catalyst for exhaust after-treatment of spark-ignition<br />
engines operated under stoichiometric conditions.<br />
<br />
(30) What is the role of oxygen storage by ceria in a three-way catalyst? Why is ceria able to store and<br />
release oxygen?<br />
<br />
(31) What is the role of precious metals in three-way catalysis?<br />
<br />
(32) Why is diesel catalytic exhaust after-treatment more complicated to gasoline engines? What<br />
catalysts are present in the exhaust after-treatment system of a diesel vehicle?<br />
<br />
(33) Discuss selective catalytic reduction (SCR) with ammonia in the exhaust after-treatment system of a<br />
diesel vehicle.<br />
<br />
(34) Discuss the working principle of Li-ion batteries. What are the advantages and disadvantage of the<br />
different types of cathode materials presently used in these batteries?<br />
<br />
(35) Discuss the working principle of redox flow batteries. Why could this type of batteries be of<br />
importance in the future to secure the electricity supply in Belgium?<br />
<br />
(36) Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the following types of solar cells: (1) monocrystalline<br />
silicon solar cells, (2) polycrystalline silicon solar cells, (3) thin-film solar cells.</div>Ilahhttps://wiki.chemika.be/index.php?title=Sustainable_chemistry_II&diff=2146Sustainable chemistry II2020-06-12T15:04:17Z<p>Ilah: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[Categorie:Machemie]]<br />
'''Exam questions Sustainable Chemistry II (2019-2020)'''<br />
<br />
(1) What is the definition of “sustainable development”? Why is the term “sustainability” often<br />
preferred over the term “sustainable development”?<br />
<br />
(2) What is biomimicry? What are the main principles on which biomimicry is based? Give three<br />
examples of how biomimicry can help to decrease the carbon footprint of our society.<br />
<br />
(3) What are, according to the principles of green chemistry, the characteristics of an ideal organic<br />
synthesis procedure?<br />
<br />
(4) How can green engineering help to enable a circular economy in the electronics industry?<br />
<br />
(5) It is a paradox that precisely those persons who are very environmentally conscious and strive for a<br />
rapid transition to a low-carbon economy may endanger the supply of the raw materials needed for this<br />
transition because of their protests against the opening of new mines. Discuss this paradox and provide<br />
a possible solution for this problem.<br />
<br />
(6) One often reads in the popular press that metal recycling via urban mining can replace the primary<br />
mining of metal ores. Is this a realistic approach and why (not)?<br />
<br />
(7) The 1972 report of the Club of Rome (published in the book " The Limits to growth: a global<br />
challenge ") was very negative about the future availability of raw materials. For example, it was<br />
predicted that by the year 2000 the copper resources would be largely depleted. However, the<br />
predictions about resource scarcity all proved to be wrong. Why were the authors of this report<br />
completely wrong with their predictions?<br />
<br />
(8) Show that the criticality of raw materials has little to do with the availability of these raw materials in<br />
the earth's crust. What are the disadvantages of using a list of critical raw materials as a policy<br />
instrument?<br />
<br />
(9) Why does is make sense, from the point of view of sustainability, to convince materials engineers to<br />
develop new materials with an as low as possible content of by-product metals?<br />
<br />
(10) Platinum-group metals (PGMs) and rare-earth elements (REEs) may be considered as “coupled<br />
elements”. (a) What does the term “coupled elements” mean? (b) What is the difference between<br />
coupled elements and by-product elements?<br />
<br />
(11) How can rare-earth elements help to reduce the reduction CO2 emission from burning of fossil<br />
fuels?<br />
<br />
(12) What are the options for end-of-life product in (a) a linear economy and (b) a circular economy?<br />
<br />
(13) What are the benefits and limitations of recycling?<br />
<br />
(14) What are the different steps in a generic flow sheet for recycling of materials? What are the least<br />
and most efficient steps in this flow sheet? Why?<br />
<br />
(15) (a) Why does it not make sense, from the point of view of energy consumption, to try get a<br />
recycling rate of 100% for metals from end-of-life products? (b) Why have iron, copper, aluminium,<br />
lead, platinum-group metals, gold and silver high recycling rates (>50%), whereas the recycling rates for<br />
the rare-earth elements are very low (<5%)?<br />
<br />
(16) Why do have many metals very low recycling rates, although recycling is technologically feasible?<br />
How can legislative initiatives help to increase recycling rates?<br />
<br />
(17) What are the differences between metal-centric recycling and product-centric recycling? Which of<br />
the two approaches is the preferred one and why?<br />
<br />
(18) It is a general trend in the history of technology that materials are becoming more and more<br />
complex in terms of the total number of chemical elements used in materials. Is this a positive trend in<br />
terms of sustainability? Why (not)? Discuss this statement.<br />
<br />
(19) The process flowsheet of steel-making from iron ores is quite different from that for recycling of<br />
steel scrap. Discuss the main differences. Why are different processes used for steel-making from iron<br />
ores and from steel scrap?<br />
<br />
(20) How can platinum-group metals (PGMs) be recycled from automobile catalysts?<br />
<br />
(21) What rare-earth elements are present in fluorescent lamp phosphor waste and how can these be<br />
recycled?<br />
<br />
(22) What is enhanced landfill mining (ELFM)? What are the differences between urban solid waste<br />
landfills and industrial residue monolandfills? Why is it so difficult to make an economic success story of<br />
ELFM?<br />
<br />
(23) What different waste-to-energy technologies can be used in enhanced landfill mining (ELFM)?<br />
<br />
(24) The process residues of the metallurgical industry could be a valuable source of critical metals and<br />
base metals. However, it is recommended to use a product-centric approach rather than a metal-centric<br />
approach for valorization of these residues. Why? What are the most interesting industrial residues for<br />
metal recovery? How are they formed and what metals are present at high concentrations in these<br />
residues?<br />
<br />
(25) Compare the advantages and disadvantages of homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts.<br />
<br />
(26) What is fluid cracking catalysis (FCC) and what types of catalyst is used for this process?<br />
<br />
(27) Which pollutants are emitted by incomplete combustion of hydrocarbon fuel? What are the health<br />
and environmental issues related to these pollutants?<br />
<br />
(28) What is the function of a catalytic converter in cars? Describe a catalytic converter from a materials<br />
point of view (geometry, structure, chemical composition, function of materials).<br />
<br />
(29) Describe the working principle of a three-way catalyst for exhaust after-treatment of spark-ignition<br />
engines operated under stoichiometric conditions.<br />
<br />
(30) What is the role of oxygen storage by ceria in a three-way catalyst? Why is ceria able to store and<br />
release oxygen?<br />
<br />
(31) What is the role of precious metals in three-way catalysis?<br />
<br />
(32) Why is diesel catalytic exhaust after-treatment more complicated to gasoline engines? What<br />
catalysts are present in the exhaust after-treatment system of a diesel vehicle?<br />
<br />
(33) Discuss selective catalytic reduction (SCR) with ammonia in the exhaust after-treatment system of a<br />
diesel vehicle.<br />
<br />
(34) Discuss the working principle of Li-ion batteries. What are the advantages and disadvantage of the<br />
different types of cathode materials presently used in these batteries?<br />
<br />
(35) Discuss the working principle of redox flow batteries. Why could this type of batteries be of<br />
importance in the future to secure the electricity supply in Belgium?<br />
<br />
(36) Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the following types of solar cells: (1) monocrystalline<br />
silicon solar cells, (2) polycrystalline silicon solar cells, (3) thin-film solar cells.</div>Ilahhttps://wiki.chemika.be/index.php?title=Sustainable_chemistry_II&diff=2145Sustainable chemistry II2020-06-12T15:01:52Z<p>Ilah: </p>
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<div>[[Categorie:Machemie]]</div>Ilahhttps://wiki.chemika.be/index.php?title=Chemika_Examenwiki:Sustainable_chemistry_II&diff=2143Chemika Examenwiki:Sustainable chemistry II2020-06-12T14:58:32Z<p>Ilah: Ilah heeft pagina Chemika Examenwiki:Sustainable chemistry II hernoemd naar Sustainable chemistry II over een doorverwijzing</p>
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<div>#DOORVERWIJZING [[Sustainable chemistry II]]</div>Ilahhttps://wiki.chemika.be/index.php?title=Sustainable_chemistry_II&diff=2142Sustainable chemistry II2020-06-12T14:58:31Z<p>Ilah: Ilah heeft pagina Chemika Examenwiki:Sustainable chemistry II hernoemd naar Sustainable chemistry II over een doorverwijzing</p>
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<div>#DOORVERWIJZING [[Sustainable chemistry II]]</div>Ilahhttps://wiki.chemika.be/index.php?title=Sustainable_chemistry_II&diff=2138Sustainable chemistry II2020-06-12T14:52:57Z<p>Ilah: Ilah heeft pagina Help:Sustainable chemistry II hernoemd naar Sustainable chemistry II over een doorverwijzing</p>
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<div>#DOORVERWIJZING [[Sustainable chemistry I]]</div>Ilahhttps://wiki.chemika.be/index.php?title=Sustainable_chemistry_I&diff=2134Sustainable chemistry I2020-06-12T14:51:31Z<p>Ilah: Ilah heeft pagina Sustainable chemistry hernoemd naar Sustainable chemistry I</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Categorie:Machemie]]<br />
==Vakinformatie==<br />
Sustainable chemistry is een 3 studiepuntenvak dat gedoceerd wordt door 3 proffen. Hierdoor is er niet elke week les en verschuift het lesmoment soms omwille van de beschikbaarheid ban de gastlectoren. Het deel over ionic liquids, designer safer chemicals en bioprocesses & biodegradable materials wordt gegeven door Mario Smet. Daarnaast zijn er nog 2 delen die door gastlectoren worden gegeven. Eén deel wordt gegeven door Koen Van Aken en handelt over EcoScale en sustainable chemistry. Het laatste deel wordt gegeven door de Italiaan Luigi Vaccaro en gaat over concrete voorbeelden van duurzame syntheses in de medicinale chemie.<br />
<br />
==Examenvragen==<br />
===11 juni 2019===<br />
#Explain toxicity of the following compounds and rank them in decreasing toxicity. (see attachment)[[Media:toxicity]].jpg]]<br />
#(Given: structure sildenafil and synthetic route both medicinal and commercial) Explain the differences in synthetic approach in medicinal and commercial route to achieve the bond indicated with the arrow. Explain why this is not straightforward and explain why this is (nevertheless) advantageous. (arrow indicates the C=N bond of the pyrimidine, he asks for the amide formation (so Staab's reagent advantages, not cyclization))<br />
#Give the two possible mechanisms of the reaction of epoxide and CO2 to form the cyclic carbonate with LFP's as a catalyst.<br />
<br />
===13 juni 2018===<br />
#Why is the following molecule toxic, how can you mitigate its toxicity [[Media:Examenvraag_sustainable_chemistry.jpg]]<br />
#Talampanel. Synthesis is given explain why more sustainable. Explain the use of the XAD resin and give an alternative.<br />
#What would you choose: biobased or biodegradable polymers. Motivate you answer. <br />
<br />
===12 juni 2018===<br />
#allyl alcohol, how is this toxic and how to modify the structure to make less toxic<br />
#sertralin (slide with tetralone to sertralin) a) why is the assymetric formation of the enantiomerically pure tetralone not used b) compare the reductive amination with the first procedure in terms of sustainability<br />
#cellulose a) why is it a good biobased material b) in which IL's does it dissolve and why c) compare viscose process to il method of dissolving cellulose in terms of sustainability <br />
<br />
===30 augustus 2017===<br />
#Vinyl chloride has some cancerogenic properties, explain where they come from.<br />
#The commercial synthesis of sildenafil is way more sustainable with respect to use of solvents in comparison with the laboratory synthesis. Explain.<br />
#The presence of halogenide ions reduces strongly the applicability of ionic liquids, explain.</div>Ilahhttps://wiki.chemika.be/index.php?title=Sustainable_chemistry_II&diff=2133Sustainable chemistry II2020-06-12T14:50:06Z<p>Ilah: De pagina is leeggehaald</p>
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<hr />
<div>'''Exam questions Sustainable Chemistry II (2019-2020)'''<br />
<br />
(1) What is the definition of “sustainable development”? Why is the term “sustainability” often<br />
preferred over the term “sustainable development”?<br />
<br />
(2) What is biomimicry? What are the main principles on which biomimicry is based? Give three<br />
examples of how biomimicry can help to decrease the carbon footprint of our society.<br />
<br />
(3) What are, according to the principles of green chemistry, the characteristics of an ideal organic<br />
synthesis procedure?<br />
<br />
(4) How can green engineering help to enable a circular economy in the electronics industry?<br />
<br />
(5) It is a paradox that precisely those persons who are very environmentally conscious and strive for a<br />
rapid transition to a low-carbon economy may endanger the supply of the raw materials needed for this<br />
transition because of their protests against the opening of new mines. Discuss this paradox and provide<br />
a possible solution for this problem.<br />
<br />
(6) One often reads in the popular press that metal recycling via urban mining can replace the primary<br />
mining of metal ores. Is this a realistic approach and why (not)?<br />
<br />
(7) The 1972 report of the Club of Rome (published in the book " The Limits to growth: a global<br />
challenge ") was very negative about the future availability of raw materials. For example, it was<br />
predicted that by the year 2000 the copper resources would be largely depleted. However, the<br />
predictions about resource scarcity all proved to be wrong. Why were the authors of this report<br />
completely wrong with their predictions?<br />
<br />
(8) Show that the criticality of raw materials has little to do with the availability of these raw materials in<br />
the earth's crust. What are the disadvantages of using a list of critical raw materials as a policy<br />
instrument?<br />
<br />
(9) Why does is make sense, from the point of view of sustainability, to convince materials engineers to<br />
develop new materials with an as low as possible content of by-product metals?<br />
<br />
(10) Platinum-group metals (PGMs) and rare-earth elements (REEs) may be considered as “coupled<br />
elements”. (a) What does the term “coupled elements” mean? (b) What is the difference between<br />
coupled elements and by-product elements?<br />
<br />
(11) How can rare-earth elements help to reduce the reduction CO2 emission from burning of fossil<br />
fuels?<br />
<br />
(12) What are the options for end-of-life product in (a) a linear economy and (b) a circular economy?<br />
<br />
(13) What are the benefits and limitations of recycling?<br />
<br />
(14) What are the different steps in a generic flow sheet for recycling of materials? What are the least<br />
and most efficient steps in this flow sheet? Why?<br />
<br />
(15) (a) Why does it not make sense, from the point of view of energy consumption, to try get a<br />
recycling rate of 100% for metals from end-of-life products? (b) Why have iron, copper, aluminium, <br />
lead, platinum-group metals, gold and silver high recycling rates (>50%), whereas the recycling rates for<br />
the rare-earth elements are very low (<5%)?<br />
<br />
(16) Why do have many metals very low recycling rates, although recycling is technologically feasible?<br />
How can legislative initiatives help to increase recycling rates?<br />
<br />
(17) What are the differences between metal-centric recycling and product-centric recycling? Which of<br />
the two approaches is the preferred one and why?<br />
<br />
(18) It is a general trend in the history of technology that materials are becoming more and more<br />
complex in terms of the total number of chemical elements used in materials. Is this a positive trend in<br />
terms of sustainability? Why (not)? Discuss this statement.<br />
<br />
(19) The process flowsheet of steel-making from iron ores is quite different from that for recycling of<br />
steel scrap. Discuss the main differences. Why are different processes used for steel-making from iron<br />
ores and from steel scrap?<br />
<br />
(20) How can platinum-group metals (PGMs) be recycled from automobile catalysts?<br />
<br />
(21) What rare-earth elements are present in fluorescent lamp phosphor waste and how can these be<br />
recycled?<br />
<br />
(22) What is enhanced landfill mining (ELFM)? What are the differences between urban solid waste<br />
landfills and industrial residue monolandfills? Why is it so difficult to make an economic success story of<br />
ELFM?<br />
<br />
(23) What different waste-to-energy technologies can be used in enhanced landfill mining (ELFM)?<br />
<br />
(24) The process residues of the metallurgical industry could be a valuable source of critical metals and<br />
base metals. However, it is recommended to use a product-centric approach rather than a metal-centric<br />
approach for valorization of these residues. Why? What are the most interesting industrial residues for<br />
metal recovery? How are they formed and what metals are present at high concentrations in these<br />
residues?<br />
<br />
(25) Compare the advantages and disadvantages of homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts.<br />
<br />
(26) What is fluid cracking catalysis (FCC) and what types of catalyst is used for this process?<br />
<br />
(27) Which pollutants are emitted by incomplete combustion of hydrocarbon fuel? What are the health<br />
and environmental issues related to these pollutants?<br />
<br />
(28) What is the function of a catalytic converter in cars? Describe a catalytic converter from a materials<br />
point of view (geometry, structure, chemical composition, function of materials).<br />
<br />
(29) Describe the working principle of a three-way catalyst for exhaust after-treatment of spark-ignition<br />
engines operated under stoichiometric conditions.<br />
<br />
(30) What is the role of oxygen storage by ceria in a three-way catalyst? Why is ceria able to store and<br />
release oxygen?<br />
<br />
(31) What is the role of precious metals in three-way catalysis?<br />
<br />
(32) Why is diesel catalytic exhaust after-treatment more complicated to gasoline engines? What<br />
catalysts are present in the exhaust after-treatment system of a diesel vehicle?<br />
<br />
(33) Discuss selective catalytic reduction (SCR) with ammonia in the exhaust after-treatment system of a<br />
diesel vehicle.<br />
<br />
(34) Discuss the working principle of Li-ion batteries. What are the advantages and disadvantage of the<br />
different types of cathode materials presently used in these batteries?<br />
<br />
(35) Discuss the working principle of redox flow batteries. Why could this type of batteries be of<br />
importance in the future to secure the electricity supply in Belgium?<br />
<br />
(36) Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the following types of solar cells: (1) monocrystalline<br />
silicon solar cells, (2) polycrystalline silicon solar cells, (3) thin-film solar cells.</div>Ilah