Chemika Examenwiki - Gebruikersbijdragen [nl]

Oncobiologie

2019-06-21T09:55:12Z

Simonv: /* Examenvragen */

[[Categorie:Bachelor Biochemie]]
==Vakinformatie==
Samen met biologie, minor verbreding

==Examenvragen==

===21 juni 2019 VM===
# A) Geef de 10 hallmarks; B) Geef aan welke hallmarks belangrijk zijn voor initiatie van kanker (max 1 blz)
# Leg genomic instability uit en geef de link met kanker (max 2 blz)
# A) Leg apoptose uit en geef de link met kanker; B) Welke hallmarks kun je nog linken aan apoptose (max 2 blz)
# Stellingen:
#* VEGF zorgt voor generatie van stalk cellen
#* kankercellen kunnen resistent worden t.o.v. tyrosine kinase inhibitors
#* CAR T-cells kunnen de groei van kankercellen stimuleren
#* Nog 2 andere

===22 juni 2018 NM===
Schriftelijk:
# Geef de 10 hallmarks + geef een voorbeeld bij elke hallmark (met één regel plaats per voorbeeld)
# 5 stelling: waar of niet waar + verklaar:
#* BCL2 inactivatie is nodig voor een kankercel
#* Tyrosine kinase kan geactiveerd worden door een deletie van enkele aminozuren
#* Chromosomale translocatie kan een verandering in genexpressie meegeven
#* F notch beïnvloedt de richting van angiogenese
#* Glutamine wordt gebruikt om energie te maken
Mondeling (met schriftelijke voorbereiding):
# VEGF behandelingen uitleggen (leg 3 therapies uit + wat zijn de gevolgen).
# Hoe gaat een kankercel het immuunsysteem ontwijken?

===22 juni 2018 VM===
Schriftelijk:
# Geef de 10 hallmarks + geef een voorbeeld bij elke hallmark (met voorbeeld bedoelt hij hoe je kan zien dat een kankercel aan deze hallmark voldoet (bv. bij apoptose: p53 mutatie of bij deregulering energie metabolisme: aerobe glycolyse))
# 5 stelling: waar of niet waar + verklaar:
#* Deletion of BAX is beneficial to cancer cells.
#* All cells can become cancer cells.
#* Chromosomal translocation can inactivate genes.
#* Cancer cells can induce apoptosis of immune cells.
#* VEGF assists metastasis.
Mondeling (met schriftelijke voorbereiding):
# Wat is target cancer therapy en geef hier drie voorbeelden van.
# Wat is genomic instability en wat is de relatie met kankerontwikkeling.

===16/06/2016 NM===
Mondeling:
#4 stellingen:
#*De inactivatie van BCL2 is belangrijk voor kankercellen
#*Voor kankerstamcelonderzoek is het essentieel te werken op immunodeficiente muizen
#*Het Wahrung effect geeft aan dat er meer cytokine wordt geproduceerd
#*PARP-inhibitoren kunnen gebruikt worden tegen alle kankers
#Wat zijn de mogelijke therapieën voor het omzeilde immuunsysteem bij kankers?
Schriftelijk:
# Leg angiogenese uit, wat doet kanker hiermee? Wat zijn de mogelijke therapieën?
# Geef de 10 hallmarks + voorbeeld van een mogelijke therapie

===16/06/2016 VM===
Mondeling:
#Leg de link tss apoptose en cellen die het imuunsysteem ontwijken.
#J/F vragen + verklaren
#*Tyrosine kinasen zijn belangrijk voor angiogenese
#*CAR-T-cellen zijn belangrijk voor inflammation
#*Kanker wordt veroorzaakt door mutaties in stamcellen
#*Een IDH1 mutatie heeft een effect op het genoom
Schirftelijk:
#Leg genome instability volledig uit.
#Geef de '10 hallmarks of cancer' met telkens een kort VB
===22/06/2015===
#Geef de '10 hallmarks of cancer' met telkens een specifiek voorbeeld (heel kort, voorbeeld in 1 zin)
#Wat weet je over het metabolisme van de cel? Leg de link met kanker.
#Leg uit (in max een halve pagina): BAX, VEGF, hoe kunnen kankercellen het aan het immuunsysteem ontsnappen?
===18/06/2015===
#Geef de 10 hallmarks van kanker en illustreer met een kort voorbeeld.
#Leg hallmark angiogenese uit en hoe kan men dit behandelen in kankers.
#woordjes: p53, FASS, exome sequencing, double stranded breaks

===05/06/2015===
#Geef de 10 hallmarks van kanker, en illustreer met een kort voorbeeld
#Leg uit: Tyrosine-kinase en hoe dit meehelpt bij de ontwikkeling van kanker. Geef 2 voorbeelden om tyrosine kinasen te inhiberen
#Deel van de afbeelding van DNA Damage Repair: Leg uit, en hoe kan dit leiden tot de ontwikkeling van kanker
#Verrassingsvraag over een research article op het mondeling zelf: Afbeelding van Collecting Lymphatic Vessels. Leg deze figuur kort uit, hoe hebben we dit besproken in de les, wat heeft het te maken met kankerontwikkeling etc.
===16/06/2014===
#Geef de 10 hallmarks van kanker, illustreer aan de hand van een voorbeeld
#Leg een hallmark volledig uit
#korte bijvraagjes: p53, VEGF, wat is fullgenome secquencing, hoe repareert het dna een dubbelstrengsbreuk (homologe en niet homologe end-repair, weten da als homologie wegvalt der door niet-homologe dus veel mutaties ontstaan), 5e bennek ff kwijt. hij vroeg mij bij p53 en VEGF specifiek wat voor soort eiwitten en voor VEGF wat voor soort receptor (transcriptiefactor van pro-apoptotische genen dus, en een tyrosinekinase receptor)
===16/06/2014===
#Geef de 10 hallmarks van kanker, illustreer aan de hand van een voorbeeld
#Leg een hallmark volledig uit (vb. wat is angiogenese en breng het in verband met kankerontwikkeling)
#Figuur of meer gerichte vraag die je moet uitleggen/beantwoorden
Alle aanwezigen op het examen kregen andere hallmarks en figuren om uit te leggen. Er waren geen twee examens exact hetzelfde.
===17/06/2013===
#Geef de 10 hallmarks van kanker, illustreer elke hallmark met een voorbeeld
#juist of fout:
#*Door RNA sequencing kan je mutaties in genen en fusiegenen ontdekken
#*In een tumor zijn slechts weinig stamcellen aanwezig
#*nog2
#tekening van metastase gegeven, uitleggen en gevolgen voor de progressie van de tumor uitleggen.
#Geef de oorzaken van kanker. Illustreer met voorbeelden en geef 2 mogelijke therapieën (proliferatie, angiogenese, apoptose, mutatie-repair systeem beschadigen, ...)
#Leg second generation sequencing uit. Hoe kunnen de resultaten gecontroleerd worden?

Molecular Interactions between Fungi and their Hosts

2018-01-31T14:12:20Z

Simonv: /* Examenvragen */

[[Categorie: Mabb]]

== Vakinformatie ==
Molecular Interactions between fungi and their hosts

ECTS-fiche: https://onderwijsaanbod.kuleuven.be/syllabi/e/G0B98AE.htm

== Examenvragen ==

=== 31 januari 2018 voormiddag===
#An essential, volatile oil derivative illustrates an antifungal activity in vitro. How would you try to reveal the mode of action of this compound? And how would you validate your results in vitro?
#Explain Aspergillus fumigatus and what happens if this fungus is recognized by the host immune system
#Explain ALS3 and its functions for Candida albicans. Would this compound be an interesting antifungal drug target? How would you investigate this? What research is still necessary?
# Explain the most important signal transduction pathways that occur when a plant succesfully manages to recognize a pathogen.
# Explain Fusicoccin and victorin, what are the differences. Explain their mode of action.
# What are symbiotic interactions? Explain in detail the most important symbiotic interactions.

=== 29 januari 2018 voormiddag===
#Explain Avr-R system with Cladosporium fulvum - tomato as an example + link with the zigzag-model
#What is Victorine? How is its function investigated?
#Explain different types of Mycorrhiza + how they exchange nutrients
#Describe the molecular mechanism of morphogenesis in C. albicans
#What are the major classes of antifungal drugs? Describe mechanism of action and resistance
#Explain the virulence factors of Aspergillus fumigatus? Why are healthy people not infected by A. fumigatus? How would you investigate whether a protein is important in virulence or not? How would you search for a drug against this a protein (if it is involved in virulence)?

=== 21 januari 2018 voormiddag===
#Explain all types of Mycorrhiza
#Explain toxin types and give 1 example of both
#Fully explain SA signalling
#Simmilarities and differences of Histoplasma and Coccidioides
#A new gene in Candida glabrata has been found in gene expression that plays a large roll in biofilms. How would you research this?
#Candida albicans recognition at endothelial cells and immunity

===31 januari 2017 voormiddag===
#histoplasma capsulatum and coccudioides immitis. What have these two pathogens in common? What are the known virulence factors? How can you treat such an infection?
#Explain Immune response against a Candida albicans ephitilial invasion. How would you study this? Can this specific host-pathogen interaction be targeted by compounds? How would you identify these compounds?
#How is morphogenesis regulated in Candida Albicans?
#What are the different types of toxins that a plant uses? Give an example of each and explain their function.
#What is an appressorium? Explain its function.
#Explain how carbon is translocated in plant-mycorrhiza. How would you investigate this?

===30 januari 2017 voormiddag===
#The first technique that was used to delete a gene in C. albicans was the URA-blaster cassette. How does that work. What are the problems with this method (position effect)? What are the currently used methods?
#Biofilm formation by C. albicans is a major problem in hospitals. What are the different stages of biofilm developtment? Which molecules are omportant during biofilm formation? How can this be investigated? What are the available methods to study biofilm formation? What would you do if you were asked to develop a novel antibiofilm molecule?
#What is Cryptococcus neoformans and what are the most important virulence factors?
#Describe the processes that can occur after initial contact between a fungus and a plant. How is the fungus able to penetrate the plant? Discuss the several forms of parasitism and pathogenesis that can occur and gice a schematic overview.
#Discuss the possible outcomes of a host-pathogen interaction, comment on the immune system of the plant and give a schematic overview. What is gene for gene resistance? And how can we exploit this for resistance breeding?

Bio-inorganic Chemistry

2018-01-12T18:19:09Z

Simonv: /* 12 jan 2018 */

[[Categorie:Mabb]]

==Vakinformatie==
Nieuw vak sinds 2013-2014. Het vak wordt gedoceerd door Prof. Tatjana Vogt en behandelt verschillende aspecten van de bioanorganische chemie, gaande van de functie van metalen in enzymen, mogelijke onderzoeksmethoden tot medicinale toepassingen. Lessen in het Engels. Met een taak die op 8 van de 20 punten staat.

==Examenvragen==
===12 jan 2018===
# (4p) Fe(III) is transported through the body via transferrin, a Fe(III) protein.
## Which anion is important to bind Fe(III)? (= bicarbonaat)
## What structural changes/molecular forms are induced when Fe(III) is bound to transferrin.
## What experiment can be used to distinguish the different molecular forms of transferrin?
## Does it bind only Fe(III) or could other metals also bind?
# (3p) Two 1HNMR spectra are given. One is of oxidized myoglobin and the other is of deoxidized myoglobin. Which spectra belongs to the oxidized and wich to the deoxidized form? Explain why.
Gegeven: Structuur van Fe in de ring + twee spectra met serieuze pieken en daarbij telkens ook een spectra van de protonen van bèta corrin, eentje niets te zien de andere twee pieken.
Eén spectra was niets te zien van de protonen van bèta corrin & de andere vertoonde twee pieken rond 50 ppm. De reden dat 02-bound myoglobin diamagnetic is omwille van binding met zuurstof. Unbound myoglobin is paramagnetic en zal dus upfield shifts veroorzaken in het NMR spectrum.
# (3p) Alkaline en purple acid phosphatase
## Fill in missing metals, reaction products and transition states
## What is the main difference in active site between purple acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase. Do they work at same conditions?
#* Bijvraag: wat gebeurt er bij een heel lage pH bij purple acid phosphatase (= anders wordt ook OH aan ijzer ook geprotoneerd en is er geen nucleofiele aanval op fosfaat)
# (2p)
#* What makes 99mTc highly suitable for single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)?
#* How is this isotope being produced in a clinical environment?

===01 sep 2017 ===
# (3p)
#* How are copper sites classified?
#* Which technique is used to study them, what results do you get from it?
#* Why does this technique not work for type III?
# (3p) Given is part of the reaction mechanism of purple acid phosphatase (voorbeeld examen)
#* Fill in the missing metal centers, transition state and reaction products
#* What is the main difference between the active site of purple acid phosphatase and alkaline phophatase?
#* Can both enzymes be used under the same conditions?
# (3p)
#* Draw and explain the 2 different electronic configurations of Rebredoxins.
#* Which spectroscopic techniques can be used to distinguish these 2 states?
#* Why are both state in high spin?
# (3p)
#* Discuss the 4 bindingspots of Human Serum Albumine.
#* Where and why would Hg(II) bind?

===30 jan 2017 ===
#
#* Advantages of coordination compound based dyes for optical imaging.
#* Most common metals for this method and why
#
#* Axial groups on methylmalonyl CoA mutase
#* which reaction is catalysed by this enzym
#* Explain the first step of this reaction mechanism and what is the oxidation state(s) of Co
# -> 2 Mossbauer spectra gegeven
#* 2 most important limits of 57Fe Mossbauer spectroscopie
#* Which parameters can be derivate from the spectra
#* Which of the 2 has the most symmetry and explain why
#
#* 2 subunits of ferritin + explain proportion difference in different tissues between the 2 subunits
#* Most important difference between the 2 subunits

===26 jan 2017===
# What are metallothioneines? Which metals are associated and why does it bind so many metals?
# Why is Gd a good metal for MRI enhancement? What's the problem with Gd and how is this solved?
# P450: In which reaction is it involved? Draw remaining intermediates (4,5,6). Why is NADPH used? How many electrons are participating?
# Describe binding of oxygen to hemoglobin. How is this related to cooperative binding? How is the binding regulated?

===10 jan 2017===
# (2p)
#* What makes 99mTc highly suitable for single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)?
#* How is this isotope being produced in a clinical environment?
# (3p)
#* Which metal is found in the active sit of hemerythrin?
#* How does oxygen Bind to it?
#* Explain the oxidation states present in oxy and in deoxy form of hemeryhtrin. Which technique iq best suitable to study this and why?
# (4p) Given is part of the reaction mechanism of purple acid phosphatase (voorbeeld examen)
#* Fill in the missing metal centers, transition state and reaction products
#* What is the main difference between the active site of purple acid phosphatase and alkaline phophataseµ? Can both enzymes be used under the same conditions?
# (3p)
#* What are the different electron carrying components in complex III from the mitochondrial respiration?
#* explain how electrons are being transported to cytochrome c.

===25 jan 2016===
# 99mTc: properties that make it useful for SPECT, production in clinical environment
# Reaction mechanism of aconitase
# Rubredoxin: elektronenconfiguratie en hoe de twee vormen via spectroscopische techniek onderscheiden
# Welke elektronencarriers zijn er in Complex III en hoe wordt cytochroom C hier gereduceerd?

===21 jan 2016===
# Bespreek humaan serum albumine, 4 bindingsplaatsen. Waar en waarom zou Hg(II) binden
# Exact de vraag van het voorbeeldexamen op toledo ivm alkaline en purple acid phosphatase (reactieschema aanvullen en het verschil uitleggen)
# Nitrogenase uitleggen, welke delen voor wat dienen, reactievergelijking geven
# Hemerythrin, oxidatie dingen uitleggen, techniek om dit te bestuderen.

===22 jan 2015 (nm)===
#How are copper sites classified? Which technique is used to study them, what results do you get from it? Why does this technique not work for type III
#Which factors regulate O2 binding to hemoglobin? And how?
#Fill in the missing reactant and reaction products (Dimethyl sulfoxide reductase), what are the oxidation states of Mo? Draw the overall chemical reaction. Where do the 2 electrons come from?
#Give two examples of Platinum anti-tumor drugs with better efficacy

===23 jan 2014 (vm)===
#Give four mechanisms by which cells can become resistant to cisplatin. How can you circumvent these resistance mechanisms? (4p)
#Reaction mechanism of aconitase: (6p)
#*fill in the missing reactants and reaction products.
#*Identify the three main reactions in this mechanisms.
#*Why is the step indicated with A so important? (A was the 180Â° flip)
#*In which pathway does this enzyme play an important role within the cell?
#Explain in detail the electronic states of Fe in the oxy and deoxy states of myoglobin. Which technique is best to differentiate between these two states? (4p)
#Which electron carriers play a role in complex III of the mitochondrial respiration pathway? How do electrons reach cytochrome c? (6p)

===15 jan 2014 (vm)===
# Why is Gd a good metal for MRI? What are the disadvantages? How are these problems being attacked? (4p)
# Which reaction is catalysed by methylmalonyl-CoA mutase? Describe the first reaction step? (6p)
# Two Mossbauer spectra were given from two different di-iron species(6p)
#* What do you need in order to obtain these Fe Mossbauer spectra?
#* What parameters can you derive from these graphs?
#* Which is more symmetric and why?
# What function do metallothioneines have? What metals and aminoacids are associated with them? Are they specific for certain metals? (4p)

===15 jan 2014 (nm)===
# properties that make it useful for SPECT, production in clinical environment (4p)
# Reaction mechanism of purple acid phosphatase (6p)
#* Fill in missing metals, reaction products and transition states
#* What is the main difference in active site between purple acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase. Do they work at same conditions?
# Explain the electronic structure of Fe in oxidized and reduced [2Fe-2S] ferredoxins. Which two spectroscopic methods can be used to distinguish between them and why? (5p)
# What is the major consequence of O binding to the structure of hemoglobine? How is this related to cooperative binding? (5p)

Bio-inorganic Chemistry

2018-01-12T18:16:30Z

Simonv: /* 12 jan 2018 */

[[Categorie:Mabb]]

==Vakinformatie==
Nieuw vak sinds 2013-2014. Het vak wordt gedoceerd door Prof. Tatjana Vogt en behandelt verschillende aspecten van de bioanorganische chemie, gaande van de functie van metalen in enzymen, mogelijke onderzoeksmethoden tot medicinale toepassingen. Lessen in het Engels. Met een taak die op 8 van de 20 punten staat.

==Examenvragen==
===12 jan 2018===
# (4p) Fe(III) is transported through the body via transferrin, a Fe(III) protein.
## Which anion is important to bind Fe(III)? (= bicarbonaat)
## What structural changes/molecular forms are induced when Fe(III) is bound to transferrin.
## What experiment can be used to distinguish the different molecular forms of transferrin?
## Does it bind only Fe(III) or could other metals also bind?
# (3p) Two 1HNMR spectra are given. One is of oxidized myoglobin and the other is of deoxidized myoglobin. Which spectra belongs to the oxidized and wich to the deoxidized form? Explain why.
Gegeven: Structuur van Fe in de ring + twee spectra met serieuze pieken en daarbij telkens ook een spectra van de protonen van bèta corrin, eentje niets te zien de andere twee pieken.
Eén spectra was niets te zien van de protonen van bèta corrin & de andere vertoonde twee pieken rond 50 ppm. Deze met de twee pieken was van de geoxideerde vorm. De reden dat 02-bound myoglobin diamagnetic is omwille van binding met zuurstof. Unbound myoglobin is paramagnetic en zal dus upfield shifts veroorzaken in het NMR spectrum.
# (3p) Alkaline en purple acid phosphatase
## Fill in missing metals, reaction products and transition states
## What is the main difference in active site between purple acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase. Do they work at same conditions?
#* Bijvraag: wat gebeurt er bij een heel lage pH bij purple acid phosphatase (= anders wordt ook OH aan ijzer ook geprotoneerd en is er geen nucleofiele aanval op fosfaat)
# (2p)
#* What makes 99mTc highly suitable for single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)?
#* How is this isotope being produced in a clinical environment?

===01 sep 2017 ===
# (3p)
#* How are copper sites classified?
#* Which technique is used to study them, what results do you get from it?
#* Why does this technique not work for type III?
# (3p) Given is part of the reaction mechanism of purple acid phosphatase (voorbeeld examen)
#* Fill in the missing metal centers, transition state and reaction products
#* What is the main difference between the active site of purple acid phosphatase and alkaline phophatase?
#* Can both enzymes be used under the same conditions?
# (3p)
#* Draw and explain the 2 different electronic configurations of Rebredoxins.
#* Which spectroscopic techniques can be used to distinguish these 2 states?
#* Why are both state in high spin?
# (3p)
#* Discuss the 4 bindingspots of Human Serum Albumine.
#* Where and why would Hg(II) bind?

===30 jan 2017 ===
#
#* Advantages of coordination compound based dyes for optical imaging.
#* Most common metals for this method and why
#
#* Axial groups on methylmalonyl CoA mutase
#* which reaction is catalysed by this enzym
#* Explain the first step of this reaction mechanism and what is the oxidation state(s) of Co
# -> 2 Mossbauer spectra gegeven
#* 2 most important limits of 57Fe Mossbauer spectroscopie
#* Which parameters can be derivate from the spectra
#* Which of the 2 has the most symmetry and explain why
#
#* 2 subunits of ferritin + explain proportion difference in different tissues between the 2 subunits
#* Most important difference between the 2 subunits

===26 jan 2017===
# What are metallothioneines? Which metals are associated and why does it bind so many metals?
# Why is Gd a good metal for MRI enhancement? What's the problem with Gd and how is this solved?
# P450: In which reaction is it involved? Draw remaining intermediates (4,5,6). Why is NADPH used? How many electrons are participating?
# Describe binding of oxygen to hemoglobin. How is this related to cooperative binding? How is the binding regulated?

===10 jan 2017===
# (2p)
#* What makes 99mTc highly suitable for single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)?
#* How is this isotope being produced in a clinical environment?
# (3p)
#* Which metal is found in the active sit of hemerythrin?
#* How does oxygen Bind to it?
#* Explain the oxidation states present in oxy and in deoxy form of hemeryhtrin. Which technique iq best suitable to study this and why?
# (4p) Given is part of the reaction mechanism of purple acid phosphatase (voorbeeld examen)
#* Fill in the missing metal centers, transition state and reaction products
#* What is the main difference between the active site of purple acid phosphatase and alkaline phophataseµ? Can both enzymes be used under the same conditions?
# (3p)
#* What are the different electron carrying components in complex III from the mitochondrial respiration?
#* explain how electrons are being transported to cytochrome c.

===25 jan 2016===
# 99mTc: properties that make it useful for SPECT, production in clinical environment
# Reaction mechanism of aconitase
# Rubredoxin: elektronenconfiguratie en hoe de twee vormen via spectroscopische techniek onderscheiden
# Welke elektronencarriers zijn er in Complex III en hoe wordt cytochroom C hier gereduceerd?

===21 jan 2016===
# Bespreek humaan serum albumine, 4 bindingsplaatsen. Waar en waarom zou Hg(II) binden
# Exact de vraag van het voorbeeldexamen op toledo ivm alkaline en purple acid phosphatase (reactieschema aanvullen en het verschil uitleggen)
# Nitrogenase uitleggen, welke delen voor wat dienen, reactievergelijking geven
# Hemerythrin, oxidatie dingen uitleggen, techniek om dit te bestuderen.

===22 jan 2015 (nm)===
#How are copper sites classified? Which technique is used to study them, what results do you get from it? Why does this technique not work for type III
#Which factors regulate O2 binding to hemoglobin? And how?
#Fill in the missing reactant and reaction products (Dimethyl sulfoxide reductase), what are the oxidation states of Mo? Draw the overall chemical reaction. Where do the 2 electrons come from?
#Give two examples of Platinum anti-tumor drugs with better efficacy

===23 jan 2014 (vm)===
#Give four mechanisms by which cells can become resistant to cisplatin. How can you circumvent these resistance mechanisms? (4p)
#Reaction mechanism of aconitase: (6p)
#*fill in the missing reactants and reaction products.
#*Identify the three main reactions in this mechanisms.
#*Why is the step indicated with A so important? (A was the 180Â° flip)
#*In which pathway does this enzyme play an important role within the cell?
#Explain in detail the electronic states of Fe in the oxy and deoxy states of myoglobin. Which technique is best to differentiate between these two states? (4p)
#Which electron carriers play a role in complex III of the mitochondrial respiration pathway? How do electrons reach cytochrome c? (6p)

===15 jan 2014 (vm)===
# Why is Gd a good metal for MRI? What are the disadvantages? How are these problems being attacked? (4p)
# Which reaction is catalysed by methylmalonyl-CoA mutase? Describe the first reaction step? (6p)
# Two Mossbauer spectra were given from two different di-iron species(6p)
#* What do you need in order to obtain these Fe Mossbauer spectra?
#* What parameters can you derive from these graphs?
#* Which is more symmetric and why?
# What function do metallothioneines have? What metals and aminoacids are associated with them? Are they specific for certain metals? (4p)

===15 jan 2014 (nm)===
# properties that make it useful for SPECT, production in clinical environment (4p)
# Reaction mechanism of purple acid phosphatase (6p)
#* Fill in missing metals, reaction products and transition states
#* What is the main difference in active site between purple acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase. Do they work at same conditions?
# Explain the electronic structure of Fe in oxidized and reduced [2Fe-2S] ferredoxins. Which two spectroscopic methods can be used to distinguish between them and why? (5p)
# What is the major consequence of O binding to the structure of hemoglobine? How is this related to cooperative binding? (5p)

Bio-inorganic Chemistry

2018-01-12T18:14:38Z

Simonv: /* 12 jan 2018 */

[[Categorie:Mabb]]

==Vakinformatie==
Nieuw vak sinds 2013-2014. Het vak wordt gedoceerd door Prof. Tatjana Vogt en behandelt verschillende aspecten van de bioanorganische chemie, gaande van de functie van metalen in enzymen, mogelijke onderzoeksmethoden tot medicinale toepassingen. Lessen in het Engels. Met een taak die op 8 van de 20 punten staat.

==Examenvragen==
===12 jan 2018===
# (4p) Fe(III) is transported through the body via transferrin, a Fe(III) protein.
## Which anion is important to bind Fe(III)? (= bicarbonaat)
## What structural changes/molecular forms are induced when Fe(III) is bound to transferrin.
## What experiment can be used to distinguish the different molecular forms of transferrin?
## Does it bind only Fe(III) or could other metals also bind?
# (3p) Two 1HNMR spectra are given. One is of oxidized myoglobin and the other is of deoxidized myoglobin. Which spectra belongs to the oxidized and wich to the deoxidized form? Explain why.
Gegeven: Structuur van Fe in de ring + twee spectra met serieuze pieken en daarbij telkens ook een spectra van de protonen van bèta corrin, eentje niets te zien de andere twee pieken.
Eén spectra was niets te zien van de protonen van bèta corrin & de andere vertoonde twee pieken rond 50 ppm. Deze met de twee pieken was van de geoxideerde vorm. De reden was iets van paramagnetic en dimagnetic da ze moet weten (ge kon da blijkbaar daarop zien).
# (3p) Alkaline en purple acid phosphatase
## Fill in missing metals, reaction products and transition states
## What is the main difference in active site between purple acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase. Do they work at same conditions?
#* Bijvraag: wat gebeurt er bij een heel lage pH bij purple acid phosphatase (= anders wordt ook OH aan ijzer ook geprotoneerd en is er geen nucleofiele aanval op fosfaat)
# (2p)
#* What makes 99mTc highly suitable for single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)?
#* How is this isotope being produced in a clinical environment?

===01 sep 2017 ===
# (3p)
#* How are copper sites classified?
#* Which technique is used to study them, what results do you get from it?
#* Why does this technique not work for type III?
# (3p) Given is part of the reaction mechanism of purple acid phosphatase (voorbeeld examen)
#* Fill in the missing metal centers, transition state and reaction products
#* What is the main difference between the active site of purple acid phosphatase and alkaline phophatase?
#* Can both enzymes be used under the same conditions?
# (3p)
#* Draw and explain the 2 different electronic configurations of Rebredoxins.
#* Which spectroscopic techniques can be used to distinguish these 2 states?
#* Why are both state in high spin?
# (3p)
#* Discuss the 4 bindingspots of Human Serum Albumine.
#* Where and why would Hg(II) bind?

===30 jan 2017 ===
#
#* Advantages of coordination compound based dyes for optical imaging.
#* Most common metals for this method and why
#
#* Axial groups on methylmalonyl CoA mutase
#* which reaction is catalysed by this enzym
#* Explain the first step of this reaction mechanism and what is the oxidation state(s) of Co
# -> 2 Mossbauer spectra gegeven
#* 2 most important limits of 57Fe Mossbauer spectroscopie
#* Which parameters can be derivate from the spectra
#* Which of the 2 has the most symmetry and explain why
#
#* 2 subunits of ferritin + explain proportion difference in different tissues between the 2 subunits
#* Most important difference between the 2 subunits

===26 jan 2017===
# What are metallothioneines? Which metals are associated and why does it bind so many metals?
# Why is Gd a good metal for MRI enhancement? What's the problem with Gd and how is this solved?
# P450: In which reaction is it involved? Draw remaining intermediates (4,5,6). Why is NADPH used? How many electrons are participating?
# Describe binding of oxygen to hemoglobin. How is this related to cooperative binding? How is the binding regulated?

===10 jan 2017===
# (2p)
#* What makes 99mTc highly suitable for single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)?
#* How is this isotope being produced in a clinical environment?
# (3p)
#* Which metal is found in the active sit of hemerythrin?
#* How does oxygen Bind to it?
#* Explain the oxidation states present in oxy and in deoxy form of hemeryhtrin. Which technique iq best suitable to study this and why?
# (4p) Given is part of the reaction mechanism of purple acid phosphatase (voorbeeld examen)
#* Fill in the missing metal centers, transition state and reaction products
#* What is the main difference between the active site of purple acid phosphatase and alkaline phophataseµ? Can both enzymes be used under the same conditions?
# (3p)
#* What are the different electron carrying components in complex III from the mitochondrial respiration?
#* explain how electrons are being transported to cytochrome c.

===25 jan 2016===
# 99mTc: properties that make it useful for SPECT, production in clinical environment
# Reaction mechanism of aconitase
# Rubredoxin: elektronenconfiguratie en hoe de twee vormen via spectroscopische techniek onderscheiden
# Welke elektronencarriers zijn er in Complex III en hoe wordt cytochroom C hier gereduceerd?

===21 jan 2016===
# Bespreek humaan serum albumine, 4 bindingsplaatsen. Waar en waarom zou Hg(II) binden
# Exact de vraag van het voorbeeldexamen op toledo ivm alkaline en purple acid phosphatase (reactieschema aanvullen en het verschil uitleggen)
# Nitrogenase uitleggen, welke delen voor wat dienen, reactievergelijking geven
# Hemerythrin, oxidatie dingen uitleggen, techniek om dit te bestuderen.

===22 jan 2015 (nm)===
#How are copper sites classified? Which technique is used to study them, what results do you get from it? Why does this technique not work for type III
#Which factors regulate O2 binding to hemoglobin? And how?
#Fill in the missing reactant and reaction products (Dimethyl sulfoxide reductase), what are the oxidation states of Mo? Draw the overall chemical reaction. Where do the 2 electrons come from?
#Give two examples of Platinum anti-tumor drugs with better efficacy

===23 jan 2014 (vm)===
#Give four mechanisms by which cells can become resistant to cisplatin. How can you circumvent these resistance mechanisms? (4p)
#Reaction mechanism of aconitase: (6p)
#*fill in the missing reactants and reaction products.
#*Identify the three main reactions in this mechanisms.
#*Why is the step indicated with A so important? (A was the 180Â° flip)
#*In which pathway does this enzyme play an important role within the cell?
#Explain in detail the electronic states of Fe in the oxy and deoxy states of myoglobin. Which technique is best to differentiate between these two states? (4p)
#Which electron carriers play a role in complex III of the mitochondrial respiration pathway? How do electrons reach cytochrome c? (6p)

===15 jan 2014 (vm)===
# Why is Gd a good metal for MRI? What are the disadvantages? How are these problems being attacked? (4p)
# Which reaction is catalysed by methylmalonyl-CoA mutase? Describe the first reaction step? (6p)
# Two Mossbauer spectra were given from two different di-iron species(6p)
#* What do you need in order to obtain these Fe Mossbauer spectra?
#* What parameters can you derive from these graphs?
#* Which is more symmetric and why?
# What function do metallothioneines have? What metals and aminoacids are associated with them? Are they specific for certain metals? (4p)

===15 jan 2014 (nm)===
# properties that make it useful for SPECT, production in clinical environment (4p)
# Reaction mechanism of purple acid phosphatase (6p)
#* Fill in missing metals, reaction products and transition states
#* What is the main difference in active site between purple acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase. Do they work at same conditions?
# Explain the electronic structure of Fe in oxidized and reduced [2Fe-2S] ferredoxins. Which two spectroscopic methods can be used to distinguish between them and why? (5p)
# What is the major consequence of O binding to the structure of hemoglobine? How is this related to cooperative binding? (5p)